How to Build Credit as an Immigrant

 Articles purporting to explain how people can bring their credit reports and scores with them when they move to the US abound. But the reality is that this simply cannot be done for a variety of reasons. 

So how do people who move to the US build their credit, likely for the second time?

While it’s certainly fun to kick around ideas about removing credit report and credit score borders, there are well-established methods to build credit in the United States. People who are new to the US will have to follow the same credit-building guidelines as every other American.

Secured Credit Cards

A secured credit card is a common tool used to establish or rebuild credit in the US. You make a deposit with a bank or a credit card issuer, and that issuer provides you with a credit card with an equal (or very close to) credit limit. 

You can use the card for small purchases, and when you make your payment every month, your payment history appears on your US-based credit reports, thus helping you establish credit reports and credit scores.

Top-Rated Secured Credit Cards

The following secured cards are highly rated by CardRates’ experts:

Secured Chime Credit Builder Visa® Credit Card

at the issuer’ssecure website

SECURED RATING

★★★★★

4.9

OVERALL RATING

4.5/5.0

• No credit check to apply
• Adjustable credit limit based on what you transfer from your Chime Checking account to the secured deposit account
• No interest* or annual fees
• Chime Checking Account and qualifying direct deposit of $200 or more required to apply. See official application, terms, and details link below.
• The secured Chime Credit Builder Visa^® Card is issued by The Bankcorp Bank, N.A. or Stride Bank, N.A., Members FDIC, pursuant to a license from Visa U.S.A. Inc. and may be used everywhere Visa credit cards are accepted.
• *Out-of-network ATM withdrawal and OTC advance fees may apply. View The Bancorp agreement or Stride agreement for details; see back of card for issuer.

• See application, terms and details.

Intro (Purchases)	Intro (Transfers)	Regular APR	Annual Fee	Credit Needed
N/A	N/A	N/A	$0	None

OpenSky® Secured Visa® Credit Card

at Capital Bank N.A.’ssecure website

SECURED RATING

★★★★★

4.8

OVERALL RATING

4.0/5.0

Our Review »

• New feature! Earn up to 10% cash back* on everyday purchases
• No credit check to apply. Zero credit risk to apply!
• Looking to build or rebuild your credit? 2 out of 3 OpenSky cardholders increase their credit score by an average of 41 points in just 3 months
• Get free monthly access to your FICO score in our mobile application
• Build your credit history across 3 major credit reporting agencies: Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion
• Add to your mobile wallet and make purchases using Apple Pay, Samsung Pay and Google Pay
• Fund your card with a low $200 refundable security deposit to get a $200 credit line
• Apply in less than 5 minutes with our mobile first application
• Choose the due date that fits your schedule with flexible payment dates
• Fund your security deposit over 60 days with the option to make partial payments
• Over 1.4 Million Cardholders Have Used OpenSky Secured Credit Card To Improve Their Credit
• *See Rewards Terms and Conditions for more information

• See application, terms and details.

Intro (Purchases)	Intro (Transfers)	Regular APR	Annual Fee	Credit Needed
N/A	N/A	25.64% (variable)	$35	Poor

Discover it® Secured Credit Card

at Discover Card’ssecure website

SECURED RATING

★★★★★

4.7

OVERALL RATING

4.0/5.0

Our Review »

• No credit score required to apply.
• No Annual Fee, earn cash back, and build your credit history.
• Your secured credit card requires a refundable security deposit, and your credit line will equal your deposit amount, starting at $200. Bank information must be provided when submitting your deposit.
• Automatic reviews starting at 7 months to see if we can transition you to an unsecured line of credit and return your deposit.
• Earn 2% cash back at Gas Stations and Restaurants on up to $1,000 in combined purchases each quarter, automatically. Plus earn unlimited 1% cash back on all other purchases.
• Discover could help you reduce exposure of your personal information online by helping you remove it from select people-search sites that could sell your data. It’s free, activate with the mobile app.
• Get an alert if we find your Social Security number on any of thousands of Dark Web sites. Activate for free.
• Terms and conditions apply.

• See application, terms and details.

See Rates & Fees

Intro (Purchases)	Intro (Transfers)	Regular APR	Annual Fee	Credit Needed
N/A	10.99% Intro APR for 6 months	28.24% Variable APR	$0	New/Rebuilding

+ See More Secured Credit Cards

Just be sure the card issuer reports the activity to all three of the major credit bureaus — Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. Otherwise, using the card will not be as effective in building your credit reports and scores. 

You can ask the card issuer or do a little online research to find out whether it reports to all three credit bureaus before you apply.

Retail Credit Cards 

Retail store cards are the cards issued with a store’s brand, such as the Target RedCard or Walmart Mastercard. The card can be used to make purchases only at that chain of stores. For example, the Walmart Mastercard can be used to make purchases at Walmart, Sam’s Club, and their respective gas stations. 

Retail store cards normally have very low credit limits and very high APRs, so they’re structured like subprime credit cards. This means they’re fairly easy to open, even if you have limited or no credit.

As with secured credit cards, be sure the retail card issuer reports the account to all three of the major credit bureaus before applying. 

The Authorized User Strategy

This is how I established credit. My father added me as an authorized user on one of his credit cards. The card’s issuer reported the card to my credit reports, thus helping me establish credit reports and scores with all the credit bureaus (although they were Equifax, TransUnion, and TRW at the time).

Think of being an authorized user as having a credit card with training wheels. You’re allowed to use the card, but you’re not responsible for the debt. That’s the primary cardholder’s responsibility. 

Other Methods 

These three methods of building credit certainly are not an exhaustive list. Some companies will underwrite your applications using cash-flow analysis rather than considering your credit reports and scores. If approved, the resulting new account ends up on your credit reports and helps to establish credit. 

And everyone who has or had student loans also has credit reports and scores. Student loan servicers, at least those that service federal student loans, are required by the Department of Education to report the loans to the credit bureaus.

The idea of global credit reports and credit scores seems to make a lot of sense. You’d have one or more credit reports or credit scores that follow you around the world so they can be considered by lenders, insurance companies, employers, landlords, and others when you apply for things in any country. And you’d never have to worry about your credit starting at square one if you were to move to another country.

The problem with this idea is it’s just that, an idea. As of the date of this publication, there is no such thing as a global credit report or global credit score. 

That doesn’t mean “going global” hasn’t already happened. The credit bureaus that exist in the United States (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion) also exist in many other countries. And the use of credit scores is not limited to the United States. 

FICO, the dominant score brand in the US, has offices that serve clients in North America, Latin America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific. So all the credit bureaus and scoring systems with which we’re familiar can also be found all over the world.

Your credit reports and credit scores can’t be used internationally for a variety of reasons. Two meaningful reasons involve the law and the availability of data.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act was established in the US in the early 1970s. That Act governs all things having to do with the use of credit reports and credit scores in the United States. While that Act does not apply in other countries, each country has its own set of rules and regulations pertaining to the sharing and use of consumer data, including credit data. 

Access to information used by lenders and other creditors doesn’t flow freely between the United States and other countries. US credit reports include data that cannot be legally used or shared in other countries. This issue all but eliminates credit report portability across borders.

Another issue people overlook with respect to global credit reporting is that some countries have negative-only databases, which means you either have no reports, or you have bad reports. So if your credit reports and scores are poor in your former country, do you really want that information to follow you around the world?

We have a similar system in the United States. LexisNexis owns and operates a consumer reporting database for auto and homeowner’s insurance claims. It’s called the C.L.U.E. database. 

If you’ve filed a claim in the last seven years, you have a C.L.U.E. report. If you have not, then you don’t have a C.L.U.E. report. Your C.L.U.E. reports and insurance credit scores can influence things such as the pricing of your insurance policies. 

While there is no such thing as a transferrable credit report or credit score, there are numerous ways to easily establish credit here in the United States. Secured cards are inexpensive and effective. The authorized user strategy is free. And, although retail store cards have high APRs, interest on all credit cards is optional and only applies if you carry balances from month to month.

Whichever method you choose, you’ll want to check the effectiveness from time to time. You can do that easily, and for free, at AnnualCreditReport.com. That’s the federally mandated website where you can procure free credit report disclosures every week.